Terengganu Hydro-Electric Project

Terengganu Hydro-Electric Project

Date of Issue: 1987-07-13
Denominations: 20 cents, $1.00
Stamp Size: 31.5 mm x 48.0 mm
Paper: SPM watermarked phosphor coated
Printing Process: Lithography
Printer: Security Printers (M) Sdn. Bhd., Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Sheet Composition: 50 stamps
Designer: Kathy Design, Kuala Lumpur

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PROJECT
The Terengganu Hydro-Electric Project is located in the State of Terengganu, Malaysia and comprises twin diversion tunnels, a main dam, a free overflow spillway, an inlet structure leading to 4 steel-lined tunnels, a conventional surface power station housing 4 generating units of 100 MW each, and 8 saddle dams. The main dam is a rockfill structure with a height of about 150 m. All the saddle dams are of earthfill construction. The total volume of fill for these dams is 25.7 million m.

From a catchment area of 260,000 ha. the dam impounds 13,600,000,000 cu. Meters of water at normal full supply level, of which 7,400,000,000 cu. meters are utilized as live storage. The surface area at full supply level is 36,900 ha.

Twin tunnels 14 m in diameter diverted the river of the dam. One 1.75 m hollow cone valve and a butterfly valve provided in one of the diversion tunnels discharged riparian flows during the filling of the reservoir. The generating facilities consist of four machines with a total installed capacity of 400 MW and produce an average energy output of 1,600 million units per annum.

POWERSTATION
The power station has four generating units made up of Francis type turbines vertically coupled to air-cooled generators. The units are housed in a conventional building which includes repair bay, control room, workshops, office and storage facilities.

The four turbines have an output of 100 MW each at a rated head of 120 m and the generators are rated 112 MWA/0.9 PF 50 Hz. The generators’ output is connected to three-phase 13.8/275 kV/112 MVA oil-cooled transformers, through the substation and then by 275 kV transmission lines to the system network.

MAIN DAM
A total volume of 17,000,000 cubic meters of fill material was used for the construction of the Kenyir Dam over a period of two and a half years.

The core material of weathered granitic clay was obtained from burrow areas located 1 to 2km upstream of the site. It was placed in the central zone of the dam to act as the impervious zone.
The rockfill for the dam, obtained from a borrow area located 2km upstream of the site is granite which also extends throughout the entire foundation area. Rock from the borrow area was placed on the outermost zones of the dam. Filter material consisting of fine crushed rock and river sand was placed in between the rockfill and core zones to serve as transition material.

The upsteam cofferdam was built to a height of some 60m to pass flood flows through the diversion works during the construction period. This cofferdam was subsequently incorporated into the main dam.

SADDLEDAMS
There are 8 saddles along the catchment boundary of the Terengganu River Basin which are below the proposed maximum water level of the reservoir.

To prevent overflow or leakage through these saddles, an embankment with the same crest elevation as the main dam is constructed in each of these saddles. They vary in height from 19 m to 45 m. all of the saddle dams are homogeneous earthfill embankments and have a similar cross-section which provides for a cut-off to groutable rock and a vertical chimney drain.

SPILLWAY
The spillway is located on the right bank of the dam abutment. The spillway is an ungated, ogee-type structure with a 140 m wide crest, leading to a 50 m wide chute which terminates in the river channel.

The spillway is capable of attenuating the incoming probable maximum flood to a maximum discharge of 7,000 cubic meters with a corresponding rise of the reservoir level of 8 m.

Petroleum Production in Malaysia

Petroleum Production in Malaysia

Date of Issue: 1985-11-04
Denominations: 15 cents, 20 cents, and $1.00
Stamp Size: 27.94 mm x 44.45 mm
Paper: Unwatermarked
Printing Process: Lithography
Printer: Security Printers (M) Sdn. Bhd. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
Sheet Composition: 50 stamps
Designer: Andamaz Enterprise, Kuala Lumpur

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First Day Cover:

Oil history in Malaysia had its beginning in the 19th century. The people of Sabah and Sarawak had long known of the existence of oil seepages or “earth oil” as it was called then, in various parts of the States, especially around Miri village. This oil was collected by the local Malays and was used first for medicinal purposes and later for lighting lamps and as a resin mixture for caulking boats.

However, commercial exploitation of Miri oil did not begin until the turn of the century when the Anglo Saxon Petroleum Company was granted the sole right to explore for petroleum resources throughout Sarawak. Drilling began in August 1910 and oil was struck in December that same year. Although initial daily production was merely 83 barrels, this nonetheless is generally taken as the starting point of the Malaysian petroleum industry.

The Miri success encouraged further attempts to discover other onshore fields in Sabah and Sarawak. Although traces of oil-bearing formations were encountered, no accumulations were found that were large enough to justify drilling activities. To date, the Miri field is Malaysia’s only onshore field and during its life-span of about 62 years, it has yielded over 80 million barrels of oil.

By the 1950s, the search for oil had been diverted to the offshore areas. The move offshore began to show results in the early 1960s when significant quantities of oil were discovered in two areas offshore Sarawak. Other discoveries of oil and gas fields followed in rapid succession in the waters off Sarawak which came onstream in June 1968.

In the years following the incorporation of PETRONAS or Petroliam Nasional Berhad on 17th August 1974 as the national petroleum corporation, Malaysia’s reserves of crude oil and natural gas have increased steadily. As at 1st January 1985, the nation’s proven oil reserves were estimated at 3.1 billion barrels, while natural gas reserves were estimated at 53 trillion cubic feet.

Crude oil production in 1984 averaged 440,000 barrels per day. Natural gas now also features prominently in the economy of the nation. In 1984, Malaysia produced 1,090 million cubic feet of gas per day, most of which was processed into liquefied natural gas or LNG, for export. Malaysia is now a net exporter of petroleum, a status she achieved in 1976.